Eggum Tourist Route by Snohetta. Image © Jarle Wæhler

建筑與自然：景觀建筑的構成
Architecture and Nature: A Framework for Building in Landscapes

由專筑網邢子，小R編譯

自然中的建筑形成了一種矛盾，建筑可以讓人身臨其境地進入景觀，與此同時，自然卻在慢慢被游客吞噬。人類在自然景觀中的存在是一種尺度的交錯，是原型庇護所與廣闊景致的并置，也是對景觀的進入和環境保護之間的協商。在探索各種態度和形式策略的基礎上，下文將從幾位較為完善的處理景觀建筑的建筑師和實踐的經驗及設計理念中有所借鑒。

人與自然的關系、建筑與景觀的關系都在不斷地更新，建在自然景觀中的建筑代表了某種詩意的探索，也代表了對人的尺度的更新。當前景觀中的建筑是對人與自然關系的特殊看法的產物。如今人們比以往任何時候都更加意識到景觀是一種珍貴的遺產，建筑在保護景觀的同時，可以也應該加強對它的保護，以便傳給后代。無數關于自然環境中的物體的簡介和設計方案，無論是小木屋、瞭望塔、避難所，都是建筑新聞專欄中經常出現的內容，這反映了人們對在景觀中創造適合建筑的關注。

Building in nature constitutes a contradiction, as architecture enables immersive access to the landscape, while at the same time, natural landmarks are being slowly engulfed by tourists. The human presence in natural landscapes is an interplay of scales, a juxtaposition of archetypal shelters against the vast sceneries, as well as a negotiation between access to the landscape and environmental conservation. Exploring a variety of attitudes and formal strategies, the following takes a look at what could be learned from the experiences and design philosophies of several architects and practices that have perfected ways of addressing architecture in the landscape.
The relationship of man to nature and of architecture to the landscape is continuously renewed, and architecture built within the natural landscape represents a certain kind of poetic exploration, as well as a renewed perspective on the human scale. The current architecture in the landscape is the product of a specific view of the relationship between human beings and nature. More than ever today, there is an awareness of the landscape as a precious heritage that architecture can and should enhance while protecting it to be passed on to future generations. The myriad of briefs and design proposals for objects in natural settings, be it cabins, observation towers, shelters that are a constant in the architectural news chicle reflect an ongoing preoccupation with a mindful creation of habitable places in the landscape.  


National Tourist Route Trollstigen / Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter + Oslo Norway. Image Courtesy of Reiulf Ramstad Architects

在世界范圍內，對自然旅游日益增長的需求帶來了一些有關游客管理的緊迫的實際問題。挪威的Trollstigen旅游路線每年僅有三個月的時間可以進入，卻吸引了70多萬游客，而冰島作為自然旅游目的地的人氣上升，導致游客數量大幅增長，從2010年的47萬人次到2019年的近200萬人次。這些例子強調了建筑在更新這些場所的作用和責任，同時通過促進自然環境的可持續發展來減輕對環境的破壞。以下提煉了幾位建筑師及其項目的理念和設計方法，代表了一個在景觀中建設的框架，將建筑和自然并列，并強調兩者的內在品質。

Worldwide, the growing appetite for natural tourism raises some pressing practical issues concerning the managing of visitors. The Norwegian Trollstigen tourist route attracts more than 700.000 visitors, while only being accessible for three months each year, and Iceland’s rise in popularity as a natural tourism destination has led to enormous growth in tourist numbers, from 470.000 in 2010 to almost 2 million visitors in 2019. These examples underline architecture’s role and responsibility in updating these sites while mitigating the destruction of the environment by promoting a sustainable approach to natural settings. Distilling the ideas and design methods of several architects and their projects, the following represents a framework for building in the landscape, juxtaposing architecture and nature and underlining the intrinsic qualities of both.


Fleinvær Refugium by TYIN Tegnestue + Rintala Eggertsson Architects. Image © Pasi Aalto


學習景觀


Allmannajuvet Zinc Mine Museum by Peter Zumthor. Image © Per Berntsen

在《思考建筑》一書中的“建筑與景觀”一文中，彼得·祖姆托描述了他為自然環境設計的過程，強調學習景觀是建筑努力的前提。祖姆托強調，需要在材料、尺寸和形狀上尋找合適的平衡點。誠然，這種平衡依賴于建筑師的感性，他說："我敢說，如果建筑和它所處的景觀之間的關系被破壞了，如果景觀通過建筑的干預而變得豐富了，我們都會立即感覺到。"祖姆托還利用他豐富的經驗，建議使用清晰、明確的類型，以及與景觀的實質相匹配的材料和與該地相關的建筑技術，從而確保建筑的使用壽命。

Learn the Landscape
In the essay Architecture and Landscape, from the book Thinking Architecture, Peter Zumthor describes his personal process of designing for natural settings, emphasizing learning the landscape as a prerequisite for the architectural endeavour. Zumthor underlines the need to search for the right balance in terms of materials, size, and shapes. Admittedly, this equilibrium relies on the sensibility of the architect, stating: “I venture to claim that we all immediately sens if the relationship between the building and the landscape in which it has been placed is disrupted if the landscape is enriched through the architectural intervention”. Zumthor also draws from his extensive experience to advise the use of clear, unambiguous typologies, as well as to match the substance of the landscape, with materials and construction techniques relating to the place, thus ensuring that the building ages well.


重新發現鄉土建筑的智慧


Wadden Sea Centre by Dorte Mandrup Architects. Image © Adam Mørk


Wadden Sea Centre by Dorte Mandrup Architects. Image © Adam Mørk


Wadden Sea Centre by Dorte Mandrup Architects. Image © Adam Mørk

從當地的建筑文化中汲取靈感，由Dorte Mandrup Architects事務所設計的Wadden Sea中心是其景觀的完美體現。從當地采購的茅草屋頂成為一種隨時可以運用的材料，從而創造出抽象的形狀。通過其色彩和形態，使建筑與景觀融為一體。此外，該項目與當地的氣候相配合，而背道而馳，內院的避風功能也是對景觀的一種適應，同時也是對鄉土建筑傳統的一種借鑒。

Re-Discover the Wisdom of Vernacular Architecture
Drawing inspiration from the local building culture, the Wadden Sea Centre designed by Dorte Mandrup Architects is a perfect embodiment of its landscape. The thatched roof sourced locally becomes a material ready to be sculpted, allowing the creation of an abstract shape. Through its colours and morphology, the building merges with the landscape. Moreover, the project works with and not against the local climate, as the inner courtyard shielded from the wind is also an adaptation to the landscape, as well as a borrowed element from the vernacular architectural tradition.


塑造新穎的自然體驗


Selvika by Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter. Image Courtesy of Reiulf Ramstad Architects

挪威工作室Reiulf Ramstad Arkitetker在其作品集中擁有相當數量的深思熟慮的景觀構造，而組織景觀體驗似乎是他們在自然界項目中的共同線索。通過Selvika項目，該實踐重新定義了從主干道到達海邊的體驗，有意放慢運動速度，刻畫出一條蜿蜒曲折的道路，使游客意識到他們周圍的環境，塑造他們到達目的地的方法，并重新聚焦他們的注意力。該項目把基礎設施，如無障礙設施、公共廁所、長椅等這些非常務實的需求轉化為創造體驗的機會。

Shape a Novel Experience of Nature
Norwegian studio Reiulf Ramstad Arkitetker has a considerable number of thoughtful landscape interventions in its portfolio and organizing the experience of the landscape seems to be the common thread informing their projects in nature. With the Selvika intervention, the practice redefines the experience of reaching the seaside from the main road, intentionally slowing down the movement, carving a sinuous path that makes visitors aware of their surroundings, shaping their approach to the destination place and refocusing their attention. The project turns a very pragmatic need for infrastructure- accessibility, public toilets, benches- into an opportunity to create an experience.


盡量減少干預措施


Path of Perspectives Panorama Trail by Snohetta. Image © Christian Flatscher

今年夏天，Aedes建筑論壇舉辦了一個專門針對自然環境下建筑的展覽，展示了Snøhetta與景觀建立對話的先鋒項目。工作室的聯合創始人Kjetil Trædal Thorsen表示："一些偏遠地區正變得特別吸引人，因為人們越來越渴望成為真實事物的一部分。"對于已經受到影響的地方，提供防止進一步破壞的設施將至關重要。" 這正是像Eggum Tourist Route項目設法實現的，以謹慎的建筑形式提供旅游基礎設施。此外，Perspectives Panorama Trail通過一系列與高山景觀無縫融合的建筑元素，以最少的干預來策劃旅游體驗。

Minimize Interventions
This past summer, Aedes Architecture Forum held an exhibition dedicated to architecture in natural settings, which presented Snøhetta’s pioneering projects that establish a dialogue with the landscape. On this occasion, Kjetil Trædal Thorsen, co-founder of the studio, stated: “some remote areas are becoming especially attractive to the ever-increasing desire of people to be part of something authentic.[…] For the places already under pressure, it will be vital to provide facilities preventing further destruction.” This is precisely what projects like Eggum Tourist Route manage to achieve, providing touristic infrastructure in a discreet architectural form. Moreover, Perspectives Panorama Trail curates the touristic experience with a minimum amount of intervention, through a series of architectural elements blending seamlessly within the alpine landscape.


與當地氣候協同


rendering of Icejford Visitor Centre by Dorte Mandrup Architects. Image © MIR

對于Dorte Mandrup建筑事務所來說，他們在自然環境中的建筑的共同點是該地的氣候條件和所采用的類型學之間的直接聯系。冰峽灣中心代表了對景觀和氣候條件的明確回應，回旋鏢的形狀有助于保護建筑免受積雪的影響，建筑被嵌入到景觀中，并以丹麥的木質建筑傳統為靈感，為觀賞冰峽灣提供一個平臺，同時也通過其展覽向游客提供有關該地區和氣候變化的教育。

Work with the Local Climate
For Dorte Mandrup Architects, the common ground of their architecture in natural settings seems to be the direct connection between the climate conditions of the place and the employed typology. The Icefjord Centre represents a clear response to the landscape and its climate conditions, with the boomerang shape helping to protect the building from the build-up of snow. Inserted within an almost a scalar landscape and informed by the Danish wood construction heritage, the project is meant to provide a platform for viewing the ice fjord, while also educating tourists about the area and climate change through its exhibitions.


Path of Perspectives Panorama Trail by Snohetta. Image © Christian Flatscher

這些建筑類型組織了人類對景觀的體驗，確定了與自然互動的機會，調解并小心地將微小與廣袤疊加在一起。這種設計將實踐與建筑的本質聯系起來，將其重新固定在現實的環境中。

This type of architecture discussed so far organizes human experience of the landscape, frames opportunities for interacting with nature, mediates and carefully superimposes smallness against the vastness. Such designs reconnect the practice to the essence of architecture, re-anchoring it in the realities of the environment.


Path of Perspectives Panorama Trail by Snohetta. Image © Christian Flatscher